For centuries, people across the globe have testified to the relaxing and invigorating qualities of tea. The traditional calming effects of the plant Camellia sinensis have elevated the drink, which is produced from its leaves, to a role beyond quenching thirst it is drunk as an aid for meditation, to help soothe the nerves or simply to unwind. But although the mental-health benefits of C. sinensis are common knowledge among tea drinkers, scientists are only now beginning to examine how tea exerts its effects on mood and cognition.
Researchers have found, for instance, that drinking tea lowers levels of the stress hormone cortisol. And evidence of long-term health benefits is emerging, too: drinking at least 100 millilitres (about half a cup) of green tea a day seems to lower the risk of developing depression and dementia.
Scientists are also trying to identify the major active compounds that give tea its mental-health benefits, and whether they work alone or in combination with other compounds present in the drink. Tea catechins antioxidants such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) account for up to 42% of the dry weight of brewed green tea, and the amino acid L-theanine makes up around 3%. EGCG is thought to make people feel calmer and improve memory and attention when consumed on its own. L-theanine is found to have a similar effect when consumed in combination with caffeine. Up to 5% of the dry weight of green tea is caffeine, which is known to improve mood, alertness and cognition.
The effect of tea on behaviour is slightly paradoxical, says Andrew Scholey, a psychopharmacologist at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne, Australia. Tea is calming, but alerting at the same time, he says, while sipping a cup of Earl Grey tea.
Explorations into the effects of tea on behaviour and mental health come at a time of growing scientific interest in the role of nutrition in mental health and preventive medicine. Physicians need more ways of tackling anxiety, depression and age-related cognitive decline these conditions place a huge burden on health systems, and treatment options are limited.
There isnt much out there, says Scholey. The idea that maybe dietary agents can help slow the decline could have enormous implications for preventative health.
Stefan Borgwardt, a neuropsychiatrist at the University of Basel, Switzerland, similarly laments the lack of available therapies around one-third of all people with anxiety and depression never find an effective therapy, he says.
But he is cautious about the benefits tea can have for people who are clinically depressed. Its important not to overestimate the effects, he says. Although there is clear evidence of moderate improvements to mood in healthy populations, studies have yet to demonstrate that tea can help people with mental illness. In addition, researchers need to strengthen their understanding of how the active constituents of tea act on the body, as well as the doses required to produce short- and long-term effects.
Benefits of a brew
Tea is big business. It is one of the most commonly consumed drinks in the world, and the industry is on the rise. Worldwide, the production of green tea is expected to grow at an annual rate of 7.5%, reaching 3.6 million tonnes in 2027, predicts the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Given teas prominence, surprisingly little is known about its effects on human behaviour, says Scholey. Much of the evidence available comes from epidemiological studies, which generally show a positive effect on mood and cognitive function. Earlier this year, for example, researchers reported that in a healthy Korean population, those who habitually drank green tea were 21% less likely to develop depression over their lifetime than those who were non-drinkers1.
Borgwardt says the Korean study shows that tea has a relatively strong effect , on a par with that of 2.5 hours of exercise per week. Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term habitual consumption of green tea might reduce the risk of dementia. One study of people aged over 55 in Singapore, for example, found that those who drank as little as one cup of tea per week performed better at memory and information-processing tasks than did non-tea-drinkers2.
But epidemiological studies have limitations. Other lifestyle factors or genetics could be responsible for the positive results, says Borgwardt.
Lots of research shows something is happening with tea. But the way the research is done doesnt elucidate what is happening, says David Kennedy, a biological psychologist at Northumbria University in Newcastle, UK.
One possible confounding factor is that the process of preparing and drinking tea is having the effect, not the tea itself.
In 2007, Andrew Steptoe, a psychologist at University College London, investigated whether teas relaxing effects are a direct biological outcome or derived from the social context in which the drink is consumed, such as sitting down quietly for a rest. Tea is frequently consumed under conditions that are conducive to relaxation that may themselves be responsible for the apparent benefits, Steptoe says.
Steptoe and his team examined the effect in healthy men of drinking black tea compared with a caffeinated placebo. The tea and the placebo were presented as fruit flavoured powders, coloured like tea to mask any differences between the two drinks. The researchers found that tea helped people to recover more quickly from a stressful task3. Saliva levels of the stress hormone cortisol fell to 53% of baseline levels within 50 minutes of the task for the tea-drinking group, compared to 73% of the baseline for the placebo drinkers. The tea drinkers also said they felt more relaxed than did those who drank the placebo.
Brain-boosting ingredients
Researchers are also starting to look at which compounds give tea its beneficial properties. Tests of the key constituents L-theanine and EGCG suggest that they contribute alone and in combination with caffeine.
In 2016, Scholey and his colleagues reported that volunteers who consumed a nutrient drink containing 200 milligrams of L-theanine around the amount found in eight cups of tea had lower cortisol levels and reported feeling more relaxed after performing stress-inducing tasks than did those who consumed a placebo4. The researchers also used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess changes in brain activity associated with the drink. People who were naturally more anxious showed an increase in lower-frequency brainwaves, known as alpha oscillatory activity. Alpha brainwaves are associated with relaxation and a lack of active cognitive processing.
In a previous study, Scholey found that L-theanine improved memory and reaction time when consumed with caffeine and that the effect was greater than that of caffeine or L-theanine alone5. The upshot of L-theanines contrasting effects is a relaxed, capable state of mind you are in the zone , says Scholey. He suspects that this meditative state is achieved, in part, by L-theanine relaxing only the areas of the brain not needed to perform tasks, as shown by the MEG analysis. It improved the signal-to-noise ratio not by increasing the signal, but by decreasing noise, he says. This allows improved focus and attention.
L-theanine could act on brain chemistry in several ways, says Borgwardt. The compound passes through the bloodbrain barrier, so it could directly benefit brain plasticity the process through which the brain regenerates itself. It could also act on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (the bodys stress response system), reducing cortisol and stress levels. Animal tests suggest that L-theanine also boosts the neurotransmitter GABA (
